Electronic device including a dielectric layer having a non-uniform thickness

ABSTRACT

An electronic device can include a transistor having a drain region, a source region, a dielectric layer, and a gate electrode. The dielectric layer can have a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is relatively thicker and closer to the drain region; the second portion is relatively thinner and closer to the source region. The gate electrode of the transistor can overlie the first and second portions of the dielectric layer. In another aspect, an electronic device can be formed using two different dielectric layers having different thicknesses. A gate electrode within the electronic device can be formed over portions of the two different dielectric layers. The process can eliminate masking and doping steps that may be otherwise used to keep the drain dopant concentration closer to the concentration as originally formed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application and claims priority under35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/794,137 entitled“DMOS transistor including a gate dielectric having a non-uniformthickness,” by Gary H. Loechelt et al., filed Mar. 11, 2013, which isassigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to electronic devices and processes offorming electronic devices, and more particularly to, electronic devicesincluding dielectric layers having non-uniform thicknesses and processesof forming the same.

RELATED ART

An insulated gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) is a common type oftransistor that can be used in a power switching circuit. The IGFETincludes a source region, a drain region, a channel region extendingbetween the source and drain regions, and a gate structure adjacent tothe channel region. The gate structure includes a gate electrodedisposed adjacent to and separated from the channel region by a gatedielectric layer.

When operating a power transistor, the drain region can be at arelatively large voltage, and significant electrical fields can existwithin the transistor. Typically, a gate dielectric has a substantiallyuniform thickness. Doping operations in forming a body region and othersimilar regions may cause a portion of the drain region near the gateelectrode to have less dopant than desired due to implant scattering. Anadditional implant operation can be performed to increase the dopantconcentration at the end of the drain region immediately adjacent tochannel region to help increase the doping concentration at such end.The implant operation can involve extra steps and can reduce yield.Omission of the additional implant and still achieving good electricalperformance of the transistor is desired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited in theaccompanying figures.

FIG. 1 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portionof a workpiece including a buried conductive region, a semiconductorlayer, a pad layer, and a stopping layer.

FIG. 2 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 1 after forming trenches, insulating spacers, andconductive plugs.

FIG. 3 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 2 after forming a dielectric layer andhorizontally-oriented doped regions.

FIG. 4 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 3 after forming an insulating layer, conductiveelectrodes, and a deep body doped region.

FIG. 5 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 4 after forming insulating sidewall spacers.

FIG. 6 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 5 after forming a dielectric layer, a channel region,a body region, and etching portions of the insulating sidewall spacers.

FIG. 7 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 6 after removing portions of an insulating layer toform undercuts under the insulating sidewall spacers.

FIG. 8 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 7 after forming gate electrodes.

FIG. 9 includes an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 8 after forming an insulating layer over the gateelectrodes and forming a source region.

FIG. 11 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 10 after forming an interlevel dielectric layer.

FIG. 12 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 11 after forming patterning the interlevel dielectriclayer and a particular insulating layer to define contact openings overthe conductive electrodes and gate electrodes.

FIG. 13 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 12 after patterning the interlevel dielectric layerand a particular dielectric layer to define a contact opening extendingto the body region and after forming a heavily doped region along abottom of such opening.

FIG. 14 includes an illustration of cross-sectional views of theworkpiece of FIG. 13 after forming conductive plugs within the contactopenings.

FIG. 15 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of theworkpiece of FIG. 14 after forming a first level of interconnects.

Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustratedfor simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures maybe exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improveunderstanding of embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description in combination with the figures is provided toassist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The followingdiscussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of theteachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachingsand should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope orapplicability of the teachings. However, other embodiments can be usedbased on the teachings as disclosed in this application.

As used herein, the terms “horizontally-oriented” and“vertically-oriented,” with respect to a region or structure, refer tothe principal direction in which current flows through such region orstructure. More specifically, current can flow through a region orstructure in a vertical direction, a horizontal direction, or acombination of vertical and horizontal directions. If current flowsthrough a region or structure in a vertical direction or in acombination of directions, wherein the vertical component is greaterthan the horizontal component, such a region or structure will bereferred to as vertically oriented. Similarly, if current flows througha region or structure in a horizontal direction or in a combination ofdirections, wherein the horizontal component is greater than thevertical component, such a region or structure will be referred to ashorizontally oriented.

The term “metal” or any of its variants is intended to refer to amaterial that includes an element that is within any of the Groups 1 to12, within Groups 13 to 16, an element that is along and below a linedefined by atomic numbers 13 (Al), 31 (Ga), 50 (Sn), 51 (Sb), and 84(Po). Metal does not include Si or Ge.

The term “normal operation” and “normal operating state” refer toconditions under which an electronic component or device is designed tooperate. The conditions may be obtained from a data sheet or otherinformation regarding voltages, currents, capacitance, resistance, orother electrical parameters. Thus, normal operation does not includeoperating an electrical component or device well beyond its designlimits.

The term “power transistor” is intended to mean a transistor that isdesigned to normally operate with at least a 10 V difference maintainedbetween the source and drain or emitter and collector of the transistorwhen the transistor is in an off-state. For example, when the transistoris in an off-state, a 10 V may be maintained between the source anddrain without a junction breakdown or other undesired conditionoccurring.

The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,”“having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover anon-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatusthat comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only tothose features but may include other features not expressly listed orinherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Further, unlessexpressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and notto an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by anyone of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or notpresent), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), andboth A and B are true (or present).

Also, the use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements andcomponents described herein. This is done merely for convenience and togive a general sense of the scope of the invention. This descriptionshould be read to include one, at least one, or the singular as alsoincluding the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meantotherwise. For example, when a single item is described herein, morethan one item may be used in place of a single item. Similarly, wheremore than one item is described herein, a single item may be substitutedfor that more than one item.

Group numbers corresponding to columns within the Periodic Table ofElements based on the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, version datedJan. 21, 2011.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, andexamples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To theextent not described herein, many details regarding specific materialsand processing acts are conventional and may be found in textbooks andother sources within the semiconductor and electronic arts.

A transistor can have a gate electrode over a stepped gate dielectriclayer. The stepped gate dielectric can help to compensate for a locallylower dopant concentration within a drain region of a transistor at alocation adjacent to the channel region. The stepped gate dielectriclayer allows for better electrical performance as compared to a gatedielectric layer having a uniform thickness. Further, the step gatedielectric layer allows a doping sequence having about a half dozensteps to be eliminated. The concepts are better understood in view ofthe embodiments described below that illustrate and do not limit thescope of the present invention

FIG. 1 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portionof a workpiece 100. The workpiece 100 includes a buried conductiveregion 102 that can include a Group 14 element (i.e., carbon, silicon,germanium, or any combination thereof) and be lightly doped or heavilydoped, n-type or p-type. For the purposes of this specification, heavilydoped is intended to mean a peak dopant concentration of at least 10¹⁹atoms/cm³, and lightly doped is intended to mean a peak dopantconcentration of less than 10¹⁹ atoms/cm³. The buried conductive region102 can be a portion of a heavily doped substrate (e.g., a heavilyn-type doped wafer) or may be a buried doped region overlying asubstrate of opposite conductivity type or overlying a buried insulatinglayer (not illustrated) that lies between a substrate and the burieddoped region. In a particular embodiment, the buried conductive region102 can include a lightly doped portion overlying a heavily dopedportion, for example when an overlying semiconductor layer 104 has anopposite conductivity type, to help increase the junction breakdownvoltage. In an embodiment, the buried conductive region 102 is heavilydoped with an n-type dopant, such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, orany combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the buriedconductive region 102 includes arsenic or antimony if diffusion of theburied conductive region 102 is to be kept low, and in a particularembodiment, the buried conductive region 102 includes antimony to reducethe level of outgassing (as compared to arsenic) during formation of thesemiconductor layer 104.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the semiconductor layer 104overlies the buried conductive region 102. The semiconductor layer 104has a primary surface 105. The semiconductor layer 104 can include aGroup 14 element and any of the dopants as described with respect to theburied conductive region 102 or dopants of the opposite conductivitytype. In an embodiment, the semiconductor layer 104 is a lightly dopedn-type or p-type epitaxial silicon layer having a thickness in a rangeof approximately 0.5 microns to approximately 5.0 microns, and a dopingconcentration no greater than approximately 1×10¹⁶ atoms/cm³, and inanother embodiment, a doping concentration of least approximately 1×10¹⁴atoms/cm³.

If needed or desired, a buried insulating layer (not illustrated) can bedisposed between the buried conductive region 102 and the semiconductorlayer 104. The buried insulating layer can include an oxide, a nitride,or an oxynitride. The buried insulating layer can include a single filmor a plurality of films having the same or different compositions. Theburied insulating layer can have a thickness in a range of at leastapproximately 0.2 micron to approximately 5.0 microns. In a particularembodiment, the buried insulating layer has a thickness in a range ofapproximately 0.5 micron to approximately 0.9 micron.

Referring to FIG. 1, a pad layer 106 and a stopping layer 108 (e.g., apolish-stop layer or an etch-stop layer) are formed over thesemiconductor layer 104 using a thermal growth technique, a depositiontechnique, or a combination thereof. Each of the pad layer 106 and thestopping layer 108 can include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, orany combination thereof. In an embodiment, the pad layer 106 has adifferent composition as compared to the stopping layer 108. In aparticular embodiment, the pad layer 106 includes an oxide, and thestopping layer 108 includes a nitride.

Referring to FIG. 2, portions of the semiconductor layer 104, pad layer106, and stopping layer 108 are removed to form trenches that extendfrom the primary surface 105 toward the underlying buried conductiveregion 102. The widths of the trenches are not so wide that asubsequently-formed conductive layer is incapable of filling thetrenches. In a particular embodiment, the width of each trench is atleast approximately 0.3 micron or approximately 0.5 micron, and inanother particular embodiment, the width of each trench is no greaterthan approximately 4 microns or approximately 2 microns. After readingthis specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that narrower orwider widths outside the particular dimensions described may be used.The trenches can extend to the buried conductive region 102; however,the trenches may be shallower if needed or desired.

The trenches are formed using an anisotropic etch. In an embodiment, atimed etch can be performed, and in another embodiment, a combination ofendpoint detection (e.g., detecting the dopant species from the buriedconductive region 102, such as arsenic or antimony) and a timed overetchmay be used.

Insulating sidewall spacers 204 can be formed along the exposedsidewalls of the trenches, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The insulatingsidewall spacers 204 can include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, orany combination thereof. The layer from which the insulating sidewallspacers 204 are formed can be thermally grown or deposited, and thelayer can be anisotropically etched to remove the layer from the bottomsof the trenches. If needed or desired, an etch can be performed toextend the trenches closer to or further into the buried conductiveregion 102, as illustrated in FIG. 2. In another embodiment, theinsulating sidewall spacers 204 are not needed.

A conductive layer is formed over the stopping layer 108 and within thetrenches. The conductive layer substantially fills the trenches. Theconductive layer can include a metal-containing orsemiconductor-containing material. In an embodiment, the conductivelayer can include a heavily doped semiconductor material, such asamorphous silicon or polysilicon. In another embodiment, the conductivelayer includes a plurality of films, such as an adhesion film, a barrierfilm, and a conductive fill material. In a particular embodiment, theadhesion film can include a refractory metal, such as titanium,tantalum, or the like; the barrier film can include a refractory metalnitride, such as titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, or the like, or arefractory metal-semiconductor-nitride, such as TaSiN; and theconductive fill material can include tungsten. In a more particularembodiment, the conductive layer 302 can include Ti/TiN/W. The selectionof the number of films and composition(s) of those film(s) depend onelectrical performance, the temperature of a subsequent heat cycle,another criterion, or any combination thereof. Refractory metals andrefractory metal-containing compounds can withstand high temperatures(e.g., melting points of such materials can be at least 1400° C.), maybe conformally deposited, and have a lower bulk resistivity than heavilydoped n-type silicon. After reading this specification, skilled artisanswill be able to determine the composition of the conductive layer tomeet their needs or desires for a particular application.

A portion of the conductive layer that overlies the stopping layer 108is removed to form vertical conductive structures 222 within thetrenches, as illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 2. The removal can beperformed using a chemical-mechanical polishing or blanket etchingtechnique. The stopping layer 108 may be used as a polish-stop oretch-stop layer. Polishing or etching may be continued for a relativelyshort time after the stopping layer 108 is reached to account for anon-uniformity across the workpiece with respect to the thickness of theconductive layer, the polishing or etching operation, or any combinationthereof.

A continued etch or other removal operation can be used to recess theconductive structures 222 further into the trenches, if needed ordesired. The recessed conductive structures 222 may allowsubsequently-formed horizontally-oriented doped regions to beelectrically connected to the buried conductive region 102. Exposedportions of the insulating sidewall spacers 204 within the trenches areremoved. The removal can be performed using an isotropic etchingtechnique using a wet or dry etchant. In a particular embodiment, theinsulating sidewall spacers 204 include an oxide, and the stopping layer108 includes a nitride, and therefore, the insulating sidewall spacers204 can be selectively removed without removing a substantial amount ofthe stopping layer 108. At this point in the process, portions of thesemiconductor layer 104 and the conductive structures 222 are exposed.

Conductive plugs are formed to complete fabrication of the verticalconductive structures 222. The conductive plugs can be formed using anyof the materials and methods of formation for the lower portions of thevertical conductive structures 222. The vertical conductive structures222 are a particular type of vertical conductive regions. In analternative embodiment, the vertical conductive regions can be in a formof doped regions within the semiconductor layer 104 that can be formedusing one or more ion implantations. The pad layer 106 and the stoppinglayer 108 may be removed at this point in the process.

In FIG. 3, a dielectric layer 306 and horizontally-oriented dopedregions 322 are formed. The dielectric layer 306 can include any of thematerials, have any of the thicknesses, and be formed using any of thetechniques as described with respect to the pad layer 106. In anembodiment, the dielectric layer 306 may have the same material,thickness and be formed using the same technique as the pad layer 106.In another embodiment, the dielectric layer 306 may have a differentmaterial, a different thickness, be formed using a different technique,or any combination thereof, as compared to the pad layer 106.

The horizontally-oriented doped regions 322 can have the sameconductivity type as the buried conductive region 102. In a normaloperating state, the charge carriers (for example, electrons) or currentflows through the horizontally-oriented doped regions 322 principally ina horizontal direction. The horizontally-oriented doped regions 322 canhave a dopant concentration of less than approximately 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³and at least approximately 1×10¹⁶ atoms/cm³ and a depth in oneembodiment of less than approximately 0.9 micron, and in anotherembodiment of less than approximately 0.5 micron. In a particularembodiment, the horizontally-oriented doped regions 322 are n-typedoped.

In another embodiment (not illustrated), resurf regions can be formed.The resurf regions can help keep more current flowing through thehorizontally-oriented doped regions 322 instead of into thesemiconductor layer 104 underlying the horizontally-oriented dopedregions 322. The resurf regions may have a dopant concentration of nogreater than approximately 5×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³ and at least approximately1×10¹⁶ atoms/cm³, and a depth in one embodiment of less thanapproximately 1.5 microns, and in another embodiment of less thanapproximately 1.2 microns. The peak concentration of the resurf regionsmay be in a range of approximately 0.5 micron to approximately 0.9micron below the primary surface 105. In a particular embodiment, theresurf regions are p-type doped.

FIG. 4 includes an illustration after forming an insulating layer 408,conductive electrodes 432, an insulating layer 444, and a deep bodydoped region 464. The insulating layer 408 can formed using a thermalgrowth technique, a deposition technique, or a combination thereof. Theinsulating layer 408 can include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, orany combination thereof. In an embodiment, the insulating layer 408includes a nitride and has a thickness in a range of approximately 20 nmto approximately 90 nm.

The conductive layer for the conductive electrodes 432 is deposited overthe insulating layer 408. The conductive layer includes a conductivematerial or may be made conductive, for example, by doping. Moreparticularly, the conductive layer can include a doped semiconductormaterial (e.g., heavily doped amorphous silicon, polysilicon, etc.), ametal-containing material (a refractory metal, a refractory metalnitride, a refractory metal silicide, etc.), or any combination thereof.The conductive layer has a thickness in a range of approximately 0.05micron to approximately 0.5 micron. A patterned masking layer (notillustrated) is formed over the conductive layer, wherein openingsoverlie the vertical conductive structures 222. Portions of theconductive layer that overlie the vertical conductive structures 222 areremoved. The patterned masking layer is removed.

The insulating layer 444 can be formed using one or more insulatingfilms. In the embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 4, an insulating layer444 is deposited over the conductive layer and exposed portions of theinsulating layer 408. The insulating layer 444 can include an oxide, anitride, or any oxynitride. The insulating layer 444 has a thickness ina range of approximately 0.2 micron to approximately 2.0 microns. Apatterned masking layer (not illustrated) is formed over the insulatinglayer 444 and patterned to define an opening where the transistor isbeing formed. Portions of the conductive layer are patterned, and themasking features are removed. Remaining portions of the conductive layerare the conductive electrode members 432 that can help to reducedrain-to-gate capacitance in the transistor. The patterned masking layeris removed.

The deep body doped regions 464 can be formed using a single implant ora combination of implants. For a single implant or for the implant (of acombination of implants) having the lowest projected range, the dose canbe in a range of approximately 5×10¹³ ions/cm² to approximately 5×10¹⁴ions/cm².

FIG. 5 includes an illustration of the workpiece after removing furtherportions of the conductive electrodes 432 and forming insulating spacers522. The removal of such portions of the conductive electrodes 432 canhelp to reduce the likelihood of an unintended electrical short betweenthe conductive electrodes and the subsequently-formed gate electrodes.The conductive electrodes 432 can be etched using an isotropic etchant.Portions of the insulating layer 444 are undercut where portions of theconductive electrodes 432 are removed. The removal can laterally recessthe conductive electrodes 432 in a range of approximately 5 nm toapproximately 200 nm. In an alternative embodiment, the removal is notperformed.

The insulating spacers 522 are formed along the sidewalls of theinsulating layer 444. In a particular embodiment, the insulating spacers522 can include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, or any combinationthereof. The insulating spacers 522 can be formed by depositing a layerto a thickness in a range of approximately 20 nm to approximately 200 nmand anisotropically etching the layer to form the insulating spacers522. Openings defined by the insulating spacers 522 help to keepportions of the horizontally-oriented doped regions 322 that will benear subsequently-formed gate electrodes from being counterdoped duringdoping steps for channel and body regions.

FIG. 6 includes an illustration after forming a channel region 642, abody region 644, and a dielectric layer 606. The channel region 642 mayhave a depth no greater than the depth of the horizontally-orienteddoped regions 322. The channel region 642 can be formed by ionimplantation using a dose of approximately 1.0×10¹³ atoms/cm² toapproximately 1.0×10¹⁴ atoms/cm² at an energy of approximately 15 KeV toapproximately 40 KeV. The body region 644 can help link the channelregion 642 to the deep body doped region 464. The body region 644 can beformed by ion implantation using a dose of approximately 1.0×10¹³atoms/cm² to approximately 1.0×10¹⁴ atoms/cm² at an energy ofapproximately 40 KeV to approximately 120 KeV. In another embodiment,the energy can be selected to achieve a projected range in a range ofapproximately 0.05 micron to approximately 0.3 micron. Other body andchannel regions substantially identical to the channel region 642 and644 can be formed for other transistor structures (not illustrated) ifthe workpiece includes other transistor structures.

The exposed portion of the dielectric layer 306 is removed by etching,and the dielectric layer 606 is formed over the exposed surface alongthe bottoms of the opening where the exposed portion of the dielectriclayer 306 was removed. Portions of the insulating spacer 522 may beremoved during the removal of the portions of the dielectric layer 306to form insulating spacer 622. In an embodiment, the dielectric layer606 includes an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, or any combinationthereof and has a thickness in a range of approximately 5 nm toapproximately 50 nm.

A portion of the insulating layer 408 within the opening and under theinsulating spacers 622 is removed, as illustrated in FIG. 7. In anembodiment, an isotropic etch is performed to remove the portions of theinsulating layer 408. In a particular embodiment, the insulating layer408 has a different composition as compared to the dielectric layers 306and 606, so that the insulating layer 408 can be selectively etched inpreference to the dielectric layers 306 and 606. The distance of therecession, which is the distance from the edge of the insulating layer408 to an exposed side surface of the insulation spacers 622 can be in arange of approximately 2 nm to approximately 50 nm.

FIG. 8 includes an illustration of the workpiece after forming gateelectrodes 822. The gate electrodes 822 are disposed over the portionsof the dielectric layers 306 and 606. Thus, the gate dielectric layerfor the transistor includes portions of the dielectric layers 306 and606 that are adjacent to the gate electrodes 822. FIG. 9 includes anenlarged view of a portion of FIG. 8 to illustrate better the positionalrelationships of features at this point in the process. The gateelectrode 822 includes a main body portion 8222 and a tail portion 8224.In the embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 9, the main body portion 8222overlies the channel region 642, the body region 644, and the dielectriclayers 306 and 606. The main body portion 8222 lies along a side of theinsulating spacer 622 and at elevations below a lowest elevation of theconductive electrodes 432 and above a highest elevation of theconductive electrodes 432. The tail portion 8224 is disposed in a regionthat corresponds to where the insulating layer 408 has been removed. Theother gate electrode 822 in FIG. 8 is substantially a mirror image ofthe gate electrode 822 as illustrated in FIG. 9 and would havesubstantially the same features as the gate electrode 822 in FIG. 9. Inanother embodiment (not illustrated), the tail portion 8224 may extendover a portion of the body region 644, the channel region 642, or both.In a further embodiment, the tail portion 8224 may extend under theinsulating layer 444. The tail portion 8224 is disposed between thedielectric layer 306 and an insulating material, such as the insulatingspacer 622, the insulating layer 444, or both.

The gate electrodes 822 can be formed by depositing a layer of materialthat is conductive as deposited or can be subsequently made conductive.The layer of material can include a metal-containing orsemiconductor-containing material. In an embodiment, the layer isdeposited to a thickness of approximately 0.1 micron to approximately0.5 micron. The layer of material is etched to form the gate electrodes822. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 8, the gate electrodes 822are formed without using a mask and have shapes of sidewall spacers. Thewidths of the gate electrodes 822 at their bases are substantially thesame as the thickness of the layer as deposited.

FIG. 10 includes an illustration of the workpiece after forming aninsulating layer 1022 along exposed surfaces of the gate electrodes 822and after forming a source region 1024. The insulating layer 1022 can bethermally grown from the gate electrodes 822 or may be deposited overthe workpiece. The thickness of the insulating layer 1022 can be in arange of approximately 10 nm to approximately 30 nm. The source region1024 is formed from a portion of the channel region 642. The sourceregion 1024 can include extension portions and a heavily doped portion.The extension portions can have a dopant concentration higher thanapproximately 5×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³ and less than approximately 5×10¹⁹atoms/cm³. If needed or desired, an additional set of insulating spacers(not illustrated) may be formed before forming the heavily doped portionof the source region 1024. Such insulating spacers are formed to coverthe extension portions of the source region 1024 and to displace theheavily doped portion further from the gate electrodes 822. Theinsulating spacers can be formed by depositing an insulating layer andanisotropically etching the insulating layer. The insulating spacers caninclude an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, or any combination thereof,and have widths at the bases of the insulating spacers in a range ofapproximately 50 nm to approximately 200 nm. The doping for the heavilydoped portion of the source region 1024 can be performed after theinsulating layer 1022 is formed. The heavily doped portion of the sourceregion 1024 allows ohmic contacts to be subsequently made and has adopant concentration of at least approximately 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³. Thesource region 1024 can be formed using ion implantation, have anopposite conductivity type as compared to the channel region 642, andthe same conductivity type as the horizontally-oriented doped regions322 and the buried conductive region 102. Other source regionssubstantially identical to the source region 1024 can be formed forother transistor structures (not illustrated) if the workpiece includesother transistor structures.

FIG. 11 includes an illustration of the workpiece after forming aninterlevel dielectric (ILD) layer 1102 over the insulating layer 444,the gate electrodes 822, and the source region 1024. The ILD layer 1102can include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, or any combinationthereof. The ILD layer 1102 can include a single film having asubstantially constant or changing composition (e.g., a high phosphoruscontent further from the semiconductor layer 104) or a plurality ofdiscrete films. An etch-stop film, an antireflective film, or acombination may be used within or over the ILD layer 1102 to help withprocessing. The ILD layer 1102 can be deposited to a thickness in arange of approximately 0.5 micron to approximately 2.0 microns. In theembodiment as illustrated in FIG. 11, the ILD layer 1102 is notplanarized. In another embodiment, the ILD layer 1102 may be planarizedif needed or desired.

FIG. 12 includes an illustration after portions of the ILD layer 1102and the insulating layer 444 are patterned to define contact openings1222 and 1232. A patterned masking layer (not illustrated) is formedover the workpiece and defines openings under which the contact openings1222 and 1232 will be located. Exposed portions of the ILD layer 1102and the insulating layer 444 are etched to define the contact openings1222 and 1232. In the embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 12, the contactopenings 1222 expose portions of the gate electrodes 822, and thecontact openings 1232 expose portions of the conductive electrodes 432.The patterned masking layer is removed after etching to define thecontact openings 1222 and 1232.

FIG. 13 includes an illustration of the workpiece after defining anopening 1352 and a heavily doped region 1342. The contact opening 1352can be defined before or after the other contact openings illustratedand described in FIG. 12. The opening 1352 allows for a source/bodycontact to be made for the transistor. A patterned masking layer (notillustrated) is formed over the workpiece and defines an opening underwhich the contact opening 1352 will be located. Exposed portions of theILD layer 1102 and the dielectric layer 606 are etched to define thecontact opening 1352. Etching is continued to etch through the sourceregion 1024 and exposes a portion of the body region 644 along thebottom of the contact opening 1352. The patterned masking layer can beremoved at this time. The bottom of the opening 1352 can be doped toform the heavily doped region 1342, which allows an ohmic contact to beformed to the body region 644. The heavily doped region 1342 has thesame conductivity type as body region 644 and a dopant concentration ofat least 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³.

In an embodiment, after defining the contact opening 1352 and beforeforming the heavily doped region 1342, a sacrificial layer (notillustrated) may be formed along exposed portions of source region 1024to reduce the likelihood of counterdoping of such region. If needed ordesired, the sacrificial layer may be anisotropically etched along thebottom of the opening 1352. The heavily doped region 1342 may be formedby ion implantation or another suitable doping technique. The workpiecemay be annealed to activate the dopants introduced into the workpieceduring the contact opening process sequence. After doping and anneal,the sacrificial layer is removed to expose portions of the source region1024 within the contact opening 1352. Although FIG. 13 illustrates thecontact openings 1222 and 1352 as being very close together, inpractice, such openings 1222 and 1352 may be farther apart. For example,the contact opening 1352 may be displaced along a different plane, suchas farther into the structure as illustrated in FIG. 13.

FIG. 14 includes an illustration after forming conductive plugs 1422,1432, and 1442. The conductive plugs 1422 are electrically connected tothe gate electrodes 822 of the transistor, the conductive plug 1442 iselectrically connected to the source region 1024 and the body of thetransistor, the conductive plugs 1432 are electrically connected to theconductive electrodes 432. In an embodiment, none of conductive plugswithin the ILD layer 1102 is electrically connected to thehorizontally-oriented doped regions 322. A drain for the transistorincludes portions of the horizontally-oriented doped regions 322 thatare electrically connected to the buried conductive region 102.

In an embodiment, the conductive plugs 1422, 1442, and 1432 can beformed using a plurality of films. In an embodiment, a layer including arefractory metal, such as Ti, Ta, W, Co, Pt, or the like, can bedeposited over the workpiece and within the openings 1222, 1232, and1352. If needed or desired, a layer including a metal nitride layer canbe deposited over the layer including the refractory metal. Theworkpiece can be annealed so that portions of the layer including therefractory metal are selectively reacted with exposed silicon, such assubstantially monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon, to form ametal silicide. Thus, portions of the gate electrodes 822, conductiveelectrodes 432, source region 1024, horizontally-oriented doped regions322, and body region 644, and heavily doped regions 1342 can react withthe metal within the layer that includes the refractory metal to form ametal silicide. Portions of the layer that include the refractory metalthat contact insulating layers do not react. A metal nitride layer maybe formed to further fill a part, but not the remainder, of theopenings. The metal nitride layer and can act as a barrier layer. Alayer of a conductive material fills the remainder of the contactopenings 1222, 1232, and 1352. Portions of the layer including therefractory metal, the metal nitride layer and the conductive materialthat overlies the ILD layer 1102 are removed to form the conductiveplugs 1422, 1432, and 1442.

FIG. 15 includes an illustration of the workpiece after a first level ofinterconnects are formed. The ILD layer 1502 can include any of thecompositions as previously described with respect to the ILD layer 1102.The ILD layer 1502 can have substantially the same composition or adifferent composition as compared to the ILD layer 1102. The ILD layer1502 is patterned to define via openings. Interconnects 1532 and 1542are formed and extend at least partly within the via openings within theILD layer 1502. The interconnects 1532 are electrically connected to theconductive electrodes 432, and the interconnect 1542 is electricallyconnected to the source region 1024 of the transistor. In the finishedelectronic device, the source region 1024 and the conductive electrodes432 are electrically connected to each other. The interconnects 1532 and1542 may be different parts of the same interconnect or may be differentinterconnects that are electrically connected at a different level ofinterconnects. An interconnect (not illustrated) is electricallyconnected to the gate electrode 622 via the conductive plug 1422 at alocation not illustrated in FIG. 15.

Although not illustrated, additional or fewer layers or features may beused as needed or desired to form the electronic device. Field isolationregions are not illustrated but may be used to help electrically isolateportions of the power transistor. In another embodiment, more insulatingand interconnect levels may be used. A passivation layer can be formedover the workpiece or within the interconnect levels. After reading thisspecification, skilled artisans will be able to determine layers andfeatures for their particular application.

The electronic device can include many other transistor structures thatare substantially identical to the transistor structures and asillustrated in FIG. 15. The transistor structures can be connected inparallel to each other to form the transistor. Such a configuration cangive a sufficient effective channel width of the electronic device thatcan support the relatively high current flow that is used during normaloperation of the electronic device. The transistor is well suited foruse in power switching applications, such as a high-frequency voltageregulator.

The combination of the dielectric layers 306 and 606 under the gateelectrodes 822 is a stepped gate dielectric layer that can help with theperformance of the transistor without needing an additional dopingsequence that may include about a half dozen steps. The portion of thehorizontally-oriented doped region 322 closer to the channel region 642can have a locally lower dopant concentration due to implant scatterwhen forming the deep body doped region 464, the body region 644, orboth. The relatively thicker dielectric layer 306 near thehorizontally-oriented doped region 322 helps to compensate for thelocally lower dopant concentration of the horizontally-oriented dopedregion 322 at a location adjacent to the channel region 642, withoutincreasing the gate-to-drain capacitance as much as would acomparatively thinner dielectric layer with a substantially uniformthickness similar to that of dielectric layer 606. Conversely, thresholdvoltage or one or more electronic parameters of the transistor may bebetter controlled with the relatively thinner dielectric layer 606 nearthe source region 1024, as compared to a substantially identicaltransistor with a comparatively thicker dielectric layer with asubstantially uniform thickness similar to that of dielectric layer 306.The stepped gate dielectric structure can combine advantages of athinner dielectric layer near the source region and a thicker dielectriclayer near the drain region. Accordingly, the extra processing,handling, and yield loss associate with an additional doping sequenceare substantially eliminated.

Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of thoseaspects and embodiments are described below. After reading thisspecification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects andembodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of thepresent invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or moreof the items as listed below.

Item 1. An electronic device can include a drain region of a transistor,a source region of the transistor, a dielectric layer, and a gateelectrode of transistor. The dielectric layer can include a firstportion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has a firstthickness and is closer to the drain region than to the source region,the second portion has a second thickness and is closer to the sourceregion than to the drain region, and the first thickness is greater thanthe second thickness. The gate electrode can overlie the first andsecond portions of the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layerincludes a gate dielectric of the transistor.

Item 2. The electronic device of Item 1, wherein the transistor is apower transistor.

Item 3. The electronic device of Item 1, wherein first thickness is nogreater than approximately 90 nm.

Item 4. The electronic device of Item 1, wherein the gate electrode hasa first height over the first portion of the dielectric layer and asecond height over the second portion of the first dielectric layer,wherein the first height is less than the second height.

Item 5. The electronic device of Item 1, further including a conductiveelectrode, wherein the first portion of the dielectric layer is disposedbetween the drain region and the conductive electrode, a lower elevationof the gate electrode is below a lowest elevation of the conductiveelectrode, and a higher elevation of the gate electrode is above ahighest elevation of the conductive electrode.

Item 6. The electronic device of Item 1, wherein from a cross-sectionalview, the gate electrode has a shape of a sidewall spacer.

Item 7. The electronic device of Item 1, wherein the gate electrode hasa tail portion extending from a main body of the gate electrode, thetail portion of the gate electrode overlies the first portion of thedielectric layer, and the main body of the gate electrode overlies thesecond portion of the dielectric layer.

Item 8. The electronic device of Item 7, wherein from a top view, themain body of the gate electrode is disposed between the source regionand the tail portion of the gate electrode.

Item 9. The electronic device of Item 7, further including an insulatingmaterial adjacent to a side of the gate electrode, wherein theinsulating material has a height that is at least approximately 50% of amaximum height of the gate electrode, the tail portion of the gateelectrode is disposed between the first portion of the dielectric layerand the insulating material, and from a top view, substantially none ofthe main body of the gate electrode is disposed between the firstportion of the dielectric layer and the insulating material.

Item 10. The electronic device of Item 9, further including a nitridelayer disposed between the first portion of the dielectric layer and theinsulating material, wherein the nitride layer is laterally adjacent tothe tail portion of the gate electrode.

Item 11. The electronic device of Item 1, further including a buriedconductive region and a semiconductor layer having a primary surface andan opposing surface, wherein the buried conductive region is disposedcloser to the opposing surface than to the primary surface. Theelectronic device still further includes a vertical conductive regionadjacent to the primary surface and extending through the semiconductorlayer toward the buried conductive region, wherein the verticalconductive region is electrically connected to the buried conductiveregion and the drain region or the source region.

Item 12. The electronic device of Item 11, wherein the drain region andthe first and second portions of the dielectric layer are adjacent tothe primary surface.

Item 13. A process of forming an electronic device can include forming afirst dielectric layer adjacent to a semiconductor layer, forming adrain region of a transistor after forming the first dielectric layer,forming a second dielectric layer after forming the drain region, andforming a gate electrode of the transistor over the first and seconddielectric layers.

Item 14. The process of Item 13, further including forming a sourceregion of the transistor, wherein the first dielectric layer has a firstthickness, and the drain region is closer to the first dielectric layerthan to the second dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer has asecond thickness, and the source region is closer to the seconddielectric layer than the first dielectric layer, and the firstthickness is greater than the second thickness.

Item 15. The process of Item 14, further including providing a buriedconductive region and a semiconductor layer having a primary surface andan opposing surface, wherein the buried conductive region is disposedcloser to the opposing surface than to the primary surface; and forminga vertical conductive region adjacent to the primary surface andextending through the semiconductor layer toward the buried conductiveregion. In a finished electronic device, the first vertical conductiveregion is electrically connected to the buried conductive region and thedrain region or a source region of the transistor.

Item 16. The process of Item 13, further including removing a portion ofthe first dielectric layer, wherein forming the second dielectric layeris formed such that the second dielectric layer is disposed at alocation from which the portion of the first dielectric layer wasremoved.

Item 17. The process of Item 13, further including forming a nitridelayer over the first dielectric layer, forming an insulating layer overthe nitride layer, and removing a portion of the nitride layer under theinsulating layer, wherein forming the gate electrode is performed afterremoving the portion of the nitride layer.

Item 18. The process of Item 17, further including removing a portion ofthe insulating layer.

Item 19. The process of Item 18, wherein removing the portion of thenitride layer is performed after removing the portion of the insulatinglayer and includes isotropically etching the nitride layer.

Item 20. The process of Item 18, wherein removing the portion of theinsulating layer defines a sidewall and forming the gate electrodeincludes forming a conductive layer over the first and second dielectriclayers and the insulating layer and anisotropically etching theconductive layer to form the gate electrode adjacent to the sidewall ofthe insulating layer.

Note that not all of the activities described above in the generaldescription or the examples are required, that a portion of a specificactivity may not be required, and that one or more further activitiesmay be performed in addition to those described. Still further, theorder in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order inwhich they are performed.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have beendescribed above with regard to specific embodiments. However, thebenefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that maycause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become morepronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essentialfeature of any or all the claims.

The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described hereinare intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of thevarious embodiments. The specification and illustrations are notintended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of allof the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use thestructures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, variousfeatures that are, for brevity, described in the context of a singleembodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination.Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and everyvalue within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent toskilled artisans only after reading this specification. Otherembodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that astructural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may bemade without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly,the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather thanrestrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device comprising: a drain regionof a transistor; a source region of the transistor; a dielectric layerhaving a first portion and a second portion, wherein: the first portionhas a first thickness and is closer to the drain region than to thesource region; the second portion has a second thickness and is closerto the source region than to the drain region; the first thickness isgreater than the second thickness; and the dielectric layer includes agate dielectric of the transistor; and a gate electrode of thetransistor including a main body portion and a tail portion, wherein: anuppermost elevation of the main body portion is higher than an uppermostelevation of the tail portion; the main body portion overlies the firstand second portions of the dielectric layer; and the tail portionoverlies the first portion and not the second portion of the dielectriclayer.
 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein first thickness isno greater than approximately 90 nm.
 3. The electronic device of claim1, wherein the transistor is a power transistor.
 4. An electronic devicecomprising: a drain region of a transistor; a source region of thetransistor; a dielectric layer having a first portion and a secondportion, wherein: the first portion has a first thickness and is closerto the drain region than to the source region; the second portion has asecond thickness, is closer to the source region than to the drainregion, and is spaced apart from the drain region; the first thicknessis no greater than 90 nm and is greater than the second thickness; thefirst and second portions contact each other at a location spaced apartfrom the drain region; and the dielectric layer includes a gatedielectric of the transistor; and a gate electrode of the transistoroverlies the first and second portions of the dielectric layer.
 5. Theelectronic device of claim 4, further comprising a channel region,wherein the first and second portions contact each other adjacent to thechannel region.
 6. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein: along thedielectric layer, the gate electrode includes a proximal end and adistal end, wherein the source region is closer to the proximal end thanto the distal end, and the drain region is closer to the distal end thanto the proximal end, and the first and second portions of the dielectriclayer contact each other at a location spaced apart from the proximaland distal ends of the gate electrode, the main body portion of the gateelectrode overlies the location, and the tail portion of the gateelectrode does not overlie the location.
 7. The electronic device ofclaim 4, further comprising an insulating material, wherein the gateelectrode includes: a main body portion that lies along a side of theinsulating material and overlies the first and second portions of thedielectric layer; and a tail portion underlying the insulating materialand overlying the first portion of the dielectric layer.
 8. Theelectronic device of claim 7, wherein the source region is closer to themain body portion of the gate electrode than to the tail portion of thegate electrode.
 9. An electronic device comprising: a drain region of atransistor; a source region of the transistor; a dielectric layer havinga first portion and a second portion, wherein: the first portion has afirst thickness and is closer to the drain region than to the sourceregion; the second portion has a second thickness and is closer to thesource region than to the drain region; the first thickness is greaterthan the second thickness; and the dielectric layer includes a gatedielectric of the transistor; and a gate electrode of the transistorincluding a main body portion and a tail portion, wherein: the sourceregion is closer to the main body portion than the tail portion, themain body portion overlies the first and second portions of thedielectric layer, and the tail portion overlies the first portion of thedielectric layer and is spaced apart from the second portion of thedielectric layer.
 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein thetransistor is a power transistor.
 11. The electronic device of claim 9,wherein the first thickness is no greater than approximately 90 nm. 12.The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the gate electrode has a firstheight over the first portion of the dielectric layer and a secondheight over the second portion of the first dielectric layer, whereinthe first height is less than the second height.
 13. The electronicdevice of claim 9, further comprising a conductive electrode, wherein:the first portion of the dielectric layer is disposed between the drainregion and the conductive electrode; a lower elevation of the gateelectrode is below a lowest elevation of the conductive electrode; and ahigher elevation of the gate electrode is above a highest elevation ofthe conductive electrode.
 14. The electronic device of claim 9, whereinfrom a cross-sectional view, the gate electrode has a shape of asidewall spacer.
 15. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein anuppermost elevation of the main body portion of the gate electrode ishigher than an uppermost elevation of the tail portion of the gateelectrode.
 16. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the first andsecond portions of the dielectric layer contact each other at alocation, the main body portion of the gate electrode overlies thelocation, and the tail portion of the gate electrode does not overliethe location.
 17. The electronic device of claim 9, further comprisingan insulating material adjacent to a side of the gate electrode,wherein: the insulating material has a height that is at leastapproximately 50% of a maximum height of the gate electrode; the tailportion of the gate electrode is disposed between the first portion ofthe dielectric layer and the insulating material; and from a top view,none of the main body portion of the gate electrode is disposed betweenthe first portion of the dielectric layer and the insulating material.18. The electronic device of claim 17, further comprising a nitridelayer disposed between the first portion of the dielectric layer and theinsulating material, wherein the nitride layer is laterally adjacent tothe tail portion of the gate electrode.
 19. The electronic device ofclaim 9, further comprising: a buried conductive region; a semiconductorlayer having a primary surface and an opposing surface, wherein theburied conductive region is disposed closer to the opposing surface thanto the primary surface; and a vertical conductive region adjacent to theprimary surface and extending through the semiconductor layer toward theburied conductive region, wherein the vertical conductive region iselectrically connected to the buried conductive region and the drainregion.
 20. The electronic device of claim 19, wherein the drain regionand the first and second portions of the dielectric layer are adjacentto the primary surface.